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Introduction|ModernConcept|AyurvedicConcept|AyurvedicManagement
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Brief
Modern Concept of Cancer
Introduction, History,
Etiopathogensis,
Epidemiology,
Cause,
Sign & Symptoms, Investigations,
Tumor Marker,
Oncogene,
Supressor gene,
Staging,
Management,
Surgery,
Hormone,
Radiotherapy,
Chemotherapy,
Biologic Therapy
Etiopathogensis
Humoral Theory: Hippocrates believed that the body contained 4 humors (body fluids) - blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. A balance of these fluids resulted in a state of health. Any excesses or deficiencies caused disease. An excess of black bile collecting in various body sites was thought to cause cancer.
Lymph Theory: Among theories that replaced the humoral theory of cancer was cancer's formation by another fluid, lymph.
Stahl and Hofman theorized that cancer was composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph varying in density, acidity, and alkalinity. The lymph theory gained rapid support. John Hunter (1723-1792) agreed that tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.
Blastema Theory: In 1838, German pathologist Johannes Muller demonstrated that cancer is made up of cells Muller proposed that cancer cells arose from budding elements (blastema) between normal tissues. His student, Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902), the famous German pathologist, determined that all cells, including cancer cells, are derived from other cells.
Chronic Irritation: Virchow proposed that chronic irritation was the cause of cancer,
A German surgeon, Karl Thiersch, showed that cancers metastasize through the spread of malignant cells
Trauma: Despite advances in the understanding of cancer, from the late 1800s until the 1920s, cancer was thought by some to be caused by trauma.
Parasite Theory: In the 17th and 18th centuries, some believed that cancer was contagious. In fact, the first cancer hospital in France was forced to move from the city in 1779 because of the fear of the spread of cancer throughout the city A Nobel Prize was wrongly awarded in 1926 for scientific research documenting stomach cancer being caused by a certain worm.
Modern Day Carcinogens: in 1911 Peyton Rous, ( Rockefeller Institute of New York) described a sarcoma in chickens caused by a virus. In 1915 cancer was induced in laboratory animals for the first time by a chemical, coal tar, applied to rabbit skin at Tokyo University. Tobacco, was first identified as a carcinogen by the astute clinician John Hill (London).
Today we recognize many specific substances that cause cancer like: coal tars and their derivatives such as benzene, some hydrocarbons, aniline, asbestos, arsenic and others. Radiation from a variety of sources, including the sun, is known to lead to cancer.
Several viruses are now linked to cancer: The hepatitis virus can lead to cancer of the liver. A variety of the herpes virus, the Epstein-Barr virus, causes infectious mononucleosis and has been implicated in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and nasopharyngeal cancer. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of developing several cancers, especially Kaposi's Sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) have been linked to cancers of the cervix, vulva, and penis.
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